SDSystem Design Studio
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Guided learning paths

Interview preparation

Practice a repeatable design flow and the trade-offs most often explored in interviews.

12 sections · 3–5 hours · 0/12 complete

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  1. 1. Practical system-design workflow· Not complete
  2. 2. The 12-question system design loop· Not complete
  3. 3. 1. Requirements: FRs, NFRs, Constraints, and Assumptions· Not complete
  4. 4. 2B. Data Modeling, Indexing, and Partitioning· Not complete
  5. 5. 3. Concurrency· Not complete
  6. 6. 4. Transactions and Consistency· Not complete
  7. 7. 5. APIs, Contracts, and Idempotency· Not complete
  8. 8. 6. Messaging and Asynchronous Work· Not complete
  9. 9. 7. Failure Handling and Resilience· Not complete
  10. 10. 8. Scale, Capacity, Performance, and Caching· Not complete
  11. 11. 13. Master System Design Review Checklist· Not complete
  12. 12. Design review outcome template· Not complete

Architecture review

Review an architecture systematically from boundaries through operability and evolution.

17 sections · 5–7 hours · 0/17 complete

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  1. 1. 1. Requirements: FRs, NFRs, Constraints, and Assumptions· Not complete
  2. 2. 2. Boundaries, State, and Data· Not complete
  3. 3. 2A. Networking and Communication· Not complete
  4. 4. 2B. Data Modeling, Indexing, and Partitioning· Not complete
  5. 5. 2C. Time, Clocks, and Ordering· Not complete
  6. 6. 4. Transactions and Consistency· Not complete
  7. 7. 5. APIs, Contracts, and Idempotency· Not complete
  8. 8. 6. Messaging and Asynchronous Work· Not complete
  9. 9. 7. Failure Handling and Resilience· Not complete
  10. 10. 8. Scale, Capacity, Performance, and Caching· Not complete
  11. 11. 9. Security· Not complete
  12. 12. 10. Observability and Reliability· Not complete
  13. 13. 11. Deployment, Migration, and Evolution· Not complete
  14. 14. 12. Cost, Simplicity, and Operability· Not complete
  15. 15. 13. Master System Design Review Checklist· Not complete
  16. 16. Architecture Decision Record — short template· Not complete
  17. 17. Design review outcome template· Not complete

Agentic systems

Design agent and LLM systems with explicit contracts, failure boundaries, and review gates.

9 sections · 3–4 hours · 0/9 complete

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  1. 1. 1. Requirements: FRs, NFRs, Constraints, and Assumptions· Not complete
  2. 2. 5. APIs, Contracts, and Idempotency· Not complete
  3. 3. 6. Messaging and Asynchronous Work· Not complete
  4. 4. 7. Failure Handling and Resilience· Not complete
  5. 5. 9. Security· Not complete
  6. 6. 10. Observability and Reliability· Not complete
  7. 7. 15. LLM and Agentic Systems· Not complete
  8. 8. 16. Spec-Driven Development for Agentic Systems· Not complete
  9. 9. 17. Agent-System Design Review Checklist· Not complete

Complete handbook · Section 31 of 31

References and verification register

All resources used by the handbook are linked below. Verification on 24 August 2026 used two passes:

  • Pass 1 — URL/content check: open the exact referenced URL and confirm that the page/document exists and matches the cited topic.
  • Pass 2 — final recheck: reopen every final canonical URL after the book edits and confirm it still resolves. Important claims were also reviewed against the source content rather than only checking HTTP reachability.

PASS / PASS means both checks succeeded. A note is shown where a redirect or lifecycle caveat matters.

This is a dated edition snapshot, not a claim that semantic support is permanently current. docs/evidence-freshness.json records separate automated URL, browser, and human editorial reviews for fast-moving sources and chapters 15–17. Follow docs/evidence-freshness.md when a review date or source-change trigger is reached.

Primary, official, government, and research sources

Table · scroll horizontally when needed

IDResourceType / noteVerification
S1ISO: ISO/IEC 25010:2023 — Product quality modelPaid standard; public abstractPASS / PASS
S2Microsoft: What is the Azure Well-Architected Framework?Official guidancePASS / PASS
S3Microsoft: Design Principles for Azure ApplicationsOfficial guidancePASS / PASS
S4Microsoft .NET: Managed Threading Best PracticesOfficial documentationPASS / PASS
S5Microsoft .NET: Threads and threadingOfficial documentationPASS / PASS
S6PostgreSQL: Introduction to MVCCOfficial documentationPASS / PASS
S7PostgreSQL: Transaction IsolationOfficial documentationPASS / PASS
S8PostgreSQL: LOCKOfficial documentationPASS / PASS
S9IETF / RFC Editor: RFC 9110 — HTTP SemanticsInternet standardPASS / PASS
S10Microsoft: Web API Design Best PracticesOfficial guidancePASS / PASS
S11Microsoft: Web API ImplementationOfficial guidancePASS / PASS
S12Microsoft: Prevent message loss and duplicate processing in Azure Service BusOfficial documentationPASS / PASS
S13Microsoft: Queue-Based Load Leveling PatternOfficial guidancePASS / PASS
S14Microsoft: Competing Consumers PatternOfficial guidancePASS / PASS
S15Microsoft: Transactional Outbox Pattern with Azure Cosmos DBOfficial guidance; canonical redirect targetPASS / PASS
S16Microsoft: Saga distributed transactions patternOfficial guidancePASS / PASS
S17Microsoft: Transient Fault HandlingOfficial guidancePASS / PASS
S18Microsoft: Retry Storm AntipatternOfficial guidancePASS / PASS
S19AWS: Control and limit retry callsOfficial guidancePASS / PASS
S20Microsoft: Cache-Aside PatternOfficial guidancePASS / PASS
S21Microsoft: Caching GuidanceOfficial guidancePASS / PASS
S22OpenTelemetry: Signals — traces, metrics, logsOfficial project documentationPASS / PASS
S23Google SRE: Implementing SLOsMajor engineering referencePASS / PASS
S24Google SRE: Launch Coordination ChecklistMajor engineering referencePASS / PASS
S25Google SRE: Canarying ReleasesMajor engineering referencePASS / PASS
S26Kubernetes: Liveness, Readiness, and Startup ProbesOfficial project documentationPASS / PASS
S27NIST: NIST SP 800-207 — Zero Trust ArchitectureGovernment standard/guidancePASS / PASS
S28OWASP: Application Security Verification Standard (ASVS)Industry security standard/projectPASS / PASS
S29Microsoft: Azure Well-Architected Security ChecklistOfficial guidancePASS / PASS
S30Microsoft: Azure Well-Architected Operational ExcellenceOfficial guidancePASS / PASS
S31Microsoft: Azure Well-Architected Performance EfficiencyOfficial guidancePASS / PASS
S32Microsoft: Cost Optimization TradeoffsOfficial guidancePASS / PASS
S33Google SRE: Reliable Product Launches at ScaleMajor engineering referencePASS / PASS
S34PVLDB: Highly Available Transactions: Virtues and LimitationsPeer-reviewed researchPASS / PASS
S35Microsoft: API gateways in microservicesOfficial guidancePASS / PASS
S36Microsoft: Sharding PatternOfficial guidancePASS / PASS
S37Microsoft: Understand Data ModelsOfficial guidancePASS / PASS
S38PostgreSQL: Chapter 11: IndexesOfficial documentationPASS / PASS
S39Microsoft: Asynchronous Request-Reply PatternOfficial guidancePASS / PASS
S40Microsoft: Best Practices for Background JobsOfficial guidancePASS / PASS
S41IETF / RFC Editor: RFC 6455 — The WebSocket ProtocolInternet standardPASS / PASS
S42WHATWG: HTML Standard — Server-Sent EventsLiving web standardPASS / PASS
S43Microsoft: Multitenancy and Azure Storage — direct client access and SASOfficial guidancePASS / PASS
S44Microsoft: Architecture strategies for capacity planningOfficial guidancePASS / PASS
S45Microsoft: Rate Limiting PatternOfficial guidancePASS / PASS
S46ISO: ISO/IEC/IEEE 29148:2018 — Requirements engineeringPaid standard; public abstract; current edition with revision underwayPASS / PASS
S47Microsoft: Develop an architecture design specificationOfficial guidancePASS / PASS
S48Microsoft: Maintain an architecture decision record (ADR)Official guidancePASS / PASS
S49Microsoft: Architecture strategies for formalizing development practicesOfficial guidancePASS / PASS
S50Microsoft: Support the workload in a consultative roleOfficial guidancePASS / PASS
S51Microsoft: Build for business needsOfficial guidancePASS / PASS
S52Microsoft: Solution Architect responsibilities and guiding principlesOfficial guidancePASS / PASS
S53NASA: Systems Engineering Handbook — Appendix: requirement quality, traceability, verification and validationGovernment engineering guidancePASS / PASS
S54Microsoft: Data considerations for microservicesOfficial guidancePASS / PASS
S55Microsoft: Architectural approaches for storage and data in multitenant solutionsOfficial guidance; includes schema/version compatibilityPASS / PASS
S56Microsoft: Azure Service Bus message sequencing and timestampsOfficial documentationPASS / PASS
S57Microsoft .NET: Dates, times, and time zonesOfficial documentationPASS / PASS
S58Microsoft: Use domain analysis to model microservicesOfficial guidancePASS / PASS
S59Research: Attention Is All You NeedFoundational Transformer research paperPASS / PASS
S60Research: Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Knowledge-Intensive NLP TasksFoundational RAG research paperPASS / PASS
S61Research: ReAct — Synergizing Reasoning and Acting in Language ModelsAgent reasoning/action research paperPASS / PASS
S62Research: Toolformer — Language Models Can Teach Themselves to Use ToolsTool-use research paperPASS / PASS
S63OpenAI: A practical guide to building agentsOfficial agent-design guidancePASS / PASS
S64OpenAI: Agents SDKOfficial SDK documentation; agents, tools, handoffs, guardrails, sessions, tracingPASS / PASS
S65Anthropic: Building effective agentsOfficial engineering guidance on workflows and agentsPASS / PASS
S66Anthropic: Effective context engineering for AI agentsOfficial context-engineering guidancePASS / PASS
S67Anthropic: Writing effective tools for agentsOfficial tool-design guidancePASS / PASS
S68Anthropic: Demystifying evals for AI agentsOfficial agent-evaluation guidancePASS / PASS
S69Anthropic: How we built our multi-agent research systemOfficial multi-agent engineering reportPASS / PASS
S70Model Context Protocol: 28 July 2026 releaseOfficial release notice; current stateless core and extensionsPASS / PASS
S71Model Context Protocol: August 2026 roadmapOfficial roadmap; directional, not a released specificationPASS / PASS
S72Agent2Agent Protocol: latest specificationOfficial protocol specificationPASS / PASS
S73OpenAPI Initiative: OpenAPI Specification 3.2.0Official current OpenAPI specificationPASS / PASS
S74JSON Schema: Draft 2020-12Official current JSON Schema specificationPASS / PASS
S75IETF / RFC Editor: RFC 9728 — OAuth 2.0 Protected Resource MetadataInternet standardPASS / PASS
S76IETF / RFC Editor: RFC 8707 — Resource Indicators for OAuth 2.0Internet standardPASS / PASS
S77OpenTelemetry: Semantic conventions for generative AI systemsOfficial project; semantic conventions remain in developmentPASS / PASS
S78AGENTS.md: open format for guiding coding agentsOpen convention maintained by the Agentic AI FoundationPASS / PASS
S79Agent Skills: specificationOfficial open specificationPASS / PASS
S80GitHub: Spec Kit documentationOfficial spec-driven-development toolkit and workflowPASS / PASS
S81NIST: AI RMF Generative AI Profile (NIST AI 600-1)Government risk-management guidancePASS / PASS
S82OWASP: Top 10 for LLM and GenAIIndustry security project; current release linked from pagePASS / PASS
S83OWASP: Agentic AI — Threats and MitigationsIndustry agent-security guidancePASS / PASS
S84Microsoft: Threat modeling for AI agentsOfficial architecture and security guidancePASS / PASS
S85OpenAI: Model Spec, 12 September 2025Official behavioral-specification example; dated snapshotPASS / PASS
S86Research: tau-bench — A Benchmark for Tool-Agent-User InteractionAgent reliability and tool-use benchmark paperPASS / PASS
S87Research: SWE-bench — Can Language Models Resolve Real-World GitHub Issues?Repository-environment agent benchmark paperPASS / PASS
S88Research: GAIA — A Benchmark for General AI AssistantsReal-world assistant benchmark paperPASS / PASS
S89OpenAI Agents SDK: Human-in-the-loop approvalsOfficial approval, pause, reject, and resume guidancePASS / PASS
S90OpenAI Agents SDK: TracingOfficial tracing documentationPASS / PASS
S91Anthropic: Effective harnesses for long-running agentsOfficial long-running-agent engineering guidancePASS / PASS
S92Anthropic: Building and evaluating trustworthy agentsOfficial research on control, transparency, privacy, and securityPASS / PASS
S93C4 model: diagrams and notationOfficial documentation from the model's creator; hierarchical views, supporting diagrams, and notation guidancePASS / PASS

Practitioner cross-check sources

These sources influenced organization and teaching emphasis. They do not replace the primary technical evidence above.

Table · scroll horizontally when needed

IDResourceRoleVerification
P1HelloInterview: System Design Delivery FrameworkPractitioner teaching cross-checkPASS / PASS
P2HelloInterview: Core ConceptsPractitioner teaching cross-checkPASS / PASS
P3HelloInterview: Common PatternsPractitioner teaching cross-checkPASS / PASS
P4HelloInterview: Numbers to KnowPractitioner teaching cross-checkPASS / PASS

Verification caveats

  • S15: the previous URL redirected. The canonical reference now uses Microsoft’s current transactional-out-box-cosmos path.
  • S46: ISO/IEC/IEEE 29148:2018 remains the current published edition, but ISO marks it for revision and shows a replacement draft under development. The handbook therefore avoids depending on edition-specific wording that is not visible in the public ISO abstract.
  • ISO full text: the public ISO pages expose metadata and abstracts, not the entire paid standards. Detailed requirement-writing and verification guidance in this book is additionally grounded in the publicly accessible NASA Systems Engineering Handbook (S53) and Microsoft architecture guidance.
  • HelloInterview: P1-P4 are deliberately secondary. They are used for teaching structure and heuristics only.
  • Fast-moving agent ecosystem: Chapters 15-17 are a source-verified snapshot as of 24 August 2026. Model names, prices, context limits, SDK behavior, service quotas, and provider policies must be rechecked for a concrete implementation.
  • MCP: S70 describes the released 28 July 2026 stateless core. Older MCP material may assume a stateful initialization/session lifecycle. S71 is a roadmap and is not evidence that proposed agent-messaging or other future capabilities are implemented.
  • A2A and Agent Skills: interoperability does not establish trust. Version support, identity, authorization, data handling, and remote behavior still require explicit contracts and testing.
  • OpenTelemetry GenAI: S77 marks its semantic conventions as development status. Use an internal mapping layer and expect names or attributes to change.
  • Model Spec: S85 is a dated behavioral-specification snapshot and an example of instruction/autonomy design, not a universal standard or a guarantee of any particular deployed model behavior.
  • Benchmarks: S86-S88 demonstrate evaluation methods and task environments. Their scores do not substitute for product-specific evaluations, failure cases, policies, tools, data, or repeated trials.
  • Automated-link recheck: ISO (S1, S46) and the OpenAI practical guide (S63) rejected the command-line recheck with HTTP 403, while their exact pages remained accessible and content-verified through the browser pass. This is recorded as bot protection, not treated as evidence that the resources are unavailable.

End of handbook

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